1585 ~ Birthday of Cardinal Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu, French statesman.

1828 ~ Birthday of Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist (Anna Karenina, War and Peace).

1945 ~ Admiral Grace Hopper discovered the first computer bug.

1967 ~ Birthday of Anna Malle, Porn Star.

1976 ~ Death of Mao Zedong, chief architect of the Chinese Communist Revolution.

1987 ~ Extradition to Belgium of twenty-five English football fans involved in the Heysel stadium disaster.

1993 ~ The Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) officially recognized Israel as a legitimate state.

2001 ~ At 01:46:40 UTC, the Unix billenium is reached, marking the beginning of the use of 10-digit decimal Unix timestamps.

2001 ~ The leader of the Northern Alliance, Ahmed Shah Massoud, was assassinated in Afghanistan.

2003 ~ Death of Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist, "Father of the Hydrogen Bomb".

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Eudaimonia

1846 ~ Elias Howe was granted a patent for the sewing machine.

1942 ~ Birthday of Stephen Jay Gould, American paleontologist.

1943 ~ World War II: German forces began their occupation of Rome.

1945 ~ Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death for collaboration with Nazi Germany.

1960 ~ Birthday of Colin Firth, Actor (Shakespeare in Love, Bridget Jones's Diary, Love Actually).

1971 ~ Death of Nikita Khrushchev, Premier of the Soviet Union.

1977 ~ Hamida Djandoubi, convicted of murder, became the last person to be executed by the guillotine in France.

1990 ~ The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, the largest church in Africa and perhaps the world, consecrated by Pope John Paul II.

2000 ~ British paratroopers rescued six held hostage by the "West Side Boys".

2008 ~ CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was finally powered up.

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Eudaimonia

1846 ~ Elias Howe was granted a patent for the sewing machine.

It only took Singer 5 years to patent his first sewing machine. His model 15 is still in limited production, a long haul for a pre-1880 machine.

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Calm, quiet, smooth, devastating

1297 ~ William Wallace led a Scottish army to defeat the English in the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

1711 ~ Birthday of William Boyce, Composer.

1914 ~ In one of the earlier military engagements of WWI, Australian forces defeat Germans in New Britain.

1948 ~ Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first Governor-General of Pakistan.

1973 ~ A military coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet toppled elected Marxist President Salvador Allende.

1987 ~ CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, angry over being preempted for a tennis match, walked off the set, leaving affiliates with six minutes of an empty news desk.

1987 ~ Death of Lorne Greene, Canadian actor.

2001 ~ The September 11 terrorist attacks destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City, part of The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and crashed a passenger airliner in Pennsylvania. In total, almost 3,000 were killed.

2002 ~ Death of Johnny Unitas, Football Hall of Famer.

2007 ~ Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the "Father of All Bombs".

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Eudaimonia

490 B.C. ~ The Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.

1683 ~ The Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Battle of Vienna.

1814 ~ War of 1812: An American detachment halted the British land advance to Baltimore in the Battle of North Point.

1880 ~ Birthday of H.L. Mencken, Journalist, Author.

1913 ~ Birthday of Jesse Owens, American track and field athlete.

1940 ~ Cave paintings discovered in Lascaux, France.

1959 ~ First episode of Bonanza. First regularly-scheduled TV program presented in color.

1977 ~ Death of Steve Biko, South African anti-apartheid activist.

1992 ~ Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path, was captured.

2003 ~ Death of Johnny Cash, Country Music Great.

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Eudaimonia

1819 ~ Birthday of Clara Schumann, Pianist, Composer.

1857 ~ Birthday of Milton S. Hershey, chocolate entrepreneur and founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company.

1899 ~ Death of Henry Bliss, the first man in the U.S. to be killed in an automobile accident.

1948 ~ Margaret Chase Smith was elected senator, and became the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.

1971 ~ Frank Robinson became the 11th member of the 500 home run club with a home run at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland.

1977 ~ Death of Leopold Stokowski, Conductor.

1982 ~ Lindy Chamberlain's "dingo baby trial" opened in Australia.

1979 ~ Birthday of Catalina Cruz, Porn Actress.

1993 ~ Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands on a peace deal.

2006 ~ Kimveer Gill kills one student and wounds 19 others at Dawson College in Montreal.

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Eudaimonia

1752 ~ The British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, skipping eleven days (September 2 was followed directly by September 14 that year).

1814 ~ Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner.

1927 ~ Death of Isadora Duncan, Dancer.

1959 ~ The Soviet probe Luna 2 crashed onto the Moon, becoming the first man-made object to reach it.

1967 ~ Birthday of Ashlyn Gere, Porn actress.

1982 ~ Death of Princess Grace of Monaco.

1983 ~ Birthday of Amy Winehouse, English singer.

1994 ~ The Major League Baseball season was canceled because of a players’ strike.

1996 ~ Death of Juliet Prowse, British actress & dancer.

2005 ~ A federal judge in San Francisco ruled the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools unconstitutional.

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Eudaimonia

1254 ~ Birthday of Marco Polo, Italian explorer.

1789 ~ Birthday of James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist.

1928 ~ Alexander Fleming noticed a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.

1929 ~ Birthday of Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 1969.

1950 ~ The U.N. staged its fist offensive operation in the Korean War; an amphibious assault at Inchon.

1963 ~ The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing kills four children in Birmingham, Alabama.

1975 ~ Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.

1977 ~ Death of Maria Callas, Opera Diva.

1981 ~ The Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approved Sandra Day O'Connor to the U.S. Supreme Court.

2008 ~ Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

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Eudaimonia

1736 ~ Death of Gabriel Fahrenheit, German Physicist.

1810 ~ Fr. Miguel Hidalgo proclaimed Mexico's independence from Spain.

1940 ~ Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Selective Training and Service Act.

1959 ~ French President De Gaulle recognized Algerian right of self determination.

1968 ~ Candidate Richard Nixon appeared on Laugh-in.

1974 ~ U.S. President Ford announced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War deserters and draft evaders.

1987 ~ The Montreal Protocol was signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.

1991 ~ The trial of Manuel Noriega began.

1992 ~ The Pound Sterling was forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and devalued against the Deutschmark.

1996 ~ The Howard Stern Radio Show premiered.

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Eudaimonia

1862 ~ Union forces repelled a Confederate invasion of Maryland in the Civil War Battle of Antietam.

1908 ~ Death of Lt. Thomas Selfridge, first to die in an airplane crash.

1929 ~ Birthday of Sir Stirling Moss, Formula One racer.

1939 ~ The Soviet Union joined Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland.

1970 ~ Civil war broke out in Jordan.

1972 ~ "M.A.S.H." premiered on CBS.

1976 ~ Birthday of Daniella Rush, Czech Pornographic Star.

1978 ~ The Camp David Accords were signed by Israeli and Egyptian representatives.

1980 ~ The first independent Polish trade union, Solidarity, was established after weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk.

1994 ~ Death of Karl Popper, Austrian philosopher.

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Eudaimonia

1709 ~ Birthday of Samuel Johnson, Essayist & Critic.

1733 ~ Birthday of George Read, signer of the American Declaration of Independence.

1759 ~ The British capture Quebec City.

1819 ~ Birthday of Leon Foucault, Physicist.

1927 ~ Columbia Broadcasting System went on the air.

1947 ~ The U.S. Air Force became an independent service.

1961 ~ Death of Dag Hammarskjöld, Secretary General of the UN.

1970 ~ Death of Jimi Hendrix, Rock Musician.

1976 ~ Birthday of Kikki Daire, Porn Actress & Domme

1998 ~ ICANN was formed.

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Eudaimonia

1737 ~ Birthday of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Declaration of Independence Signer, Senator.

1796 ~ George Washington made his farewell address.

1900 ~ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid robbed the First National Bank of $32,640.

1935 ~ Death of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, rocket scientist, physicist.

1941 ~ Birthday of Mama Cass Elliott, musician.

1945 ~ Lord Haw Haw (William Joyce) sentenced to death in London.

1949 ~ Birthday of Twiggy, English model.

1982 ~ The first documented electronic posting of emoticons :-) and :-(

1989 ~ A terrorist bomb exploded in a UTA DC-10 above Niger killing 171.

1991 ~ Ötzi the Iceman ws discovered by German tourists.

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Eudaimonia

1519 ~ Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain on a voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands in Indonesia.

1934 ~ Birthday of Sophia Loren, Italian actress.

1970 ~ The Soviet probe Luna 16 collected moon soil samples for return to earth.

1973 ~ Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in straight sets 6-4, 6-3, 6-3 in a $100,000 winner-take-all “Battle of the Sexes“ tennis match.

1980 ~ Birthday of Madison Young, Porn actress.

1984 ~ A suicide car bomber attacked the U.S. Embassy annex in north Beirut, killing 20 people.

2000 ~ After playing 2,632 consecutive games for the Baltimore Orioles, Cal Ripken, Jr took a day off.

2000 ~ Death of Gherman Titov, cosmonaut.

2004 ~ CBS News apologized for a "mistake in judgment" in its story questioning President George W. Bush's National Guard service, saying it could not vouch for the authenticity of documents featured in the report.

2005 ~ Death of Simon Wiesenthal, Nazi hunter.

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Eudaimonia

1756 ~ Birthday of John MacAdam, road builder.

1780 ~ Benedict Arnold gave the British the plans to West Point.

1866 ~ Birthday of H. G. Wells, science fiction author.

1874 ~ Birthday of Gustav Holst, Composer.

1897 ~ The Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus letter was published in the New York Sun.

1937 ~ The Hobbit, by J.R.R. Tolkien first published.

1947 ~ Birthday of Stephen King, Author.

1950 ~ Birthday of Bill Murray, Comedian and Actor

2003 ~ The Galileo mission was terminated by sending the probe into Jupiter's atmosphere.

2008 ~ And then there were none: The last two independent Wall Street investment banks, Goldman Sachs & Morgan Stanley, become bank holding companies as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis.

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Eudaimonia

1791 ~ Birthday of Michael Faraday, Scientist.

1828 ~ Death of Shaka Zulu, Zulu leader.

1862 ~ President Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

1910 ~ The Duke of York's Cinema, the oldest continually operating cinema in the UK, opened in Brighton.

1964 ~ ”Fiddler on the Roof”, the first musical to surpass 3,000 performances, opened at the Imperial Theatre.

1972 ~ Birthday of Dana Vespoli, porn actress.

1975 ~ Sara Jane Moore’s assassination attempt on U.S. President Gerald Ford was foiled by Oliver Sipple.

1979 ~ The Vela Incident observed near Bouvet Island. It is thought to be a nuclear weapons test.

1980 ~ Iraq invaded Iran.

2001 ~ Death of Isaac Stern, Violinist.

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Eudaimonia